Have you looked at Peter Pomerantsev's This is Not Propaganda?
To your point on Karpf - that *bullshit* (Frankfurt) disabuses political elites of some useful beliefs about attentive voters - he'd add that even the smell of general mis/disinformation poisons all political discourse, and lets all politicians off the hook. When the public comes to assume that everything is kinda spun, there's no baseline of truth or accountability upon which politicians can be judged. The rug's pulled out from under even the good ones.
Have you looked at Peter Pomerantsev's This is Not Propaganda?
To your point on Karpf - that *bullshit* (Frankfurt) disabuses political elites of some useful beliefs about attentive voters - he'd add that even the smell of general mis/disinformation poisons all political discourse, and lets all politicians off the hook. When the public comes to assume that everything is kinda spun, there's no baseline of truth or accountability upon which politicians can be judged. The rug's pulled out from under even the good ones.